Abstract: OBJECTIVE To observe and analyse the role of breviscapine on renal interstitial and vascular active matter in rats with obstructive nephropathy. METHODS The rats were randomly divided into three groups: sham group(SG), model group (MG) and breviscapine group(BG). Left ureters in MG and BG were ligated and then reproduced obstructive nephropathy model, while in SG the ureter was isolated only without further manipulation. The rats in BG were given breviscapine treatment(200 mg·kg^-1), SG and MG were given 0.5% CMC-Na once a day for seven days by gavage. The pathological changes in renal interstitial were observed by HE staining, changes in their serum level and renal tissue of TGF-β₁, ET-1 and NO were determined. RESULTS There was serious hyperremia in renal interstitial, inflammatory cells infiltration in MG, also the left renals were heavier than those in SG(P<0.01). The contents of TGF-β₁ and ET-1 in MG were increased but the activity of NO were declined in serum level than that in SG(P<0.01), also the contents of TGF-β₁ and ET-1 in MG were increased but the activity of NO was declined in renal tissue than that in SG(P<0.01, P<0.001). Hyperremia, infiltration, broking were significantly improved in BG. The left renals in BG were lighter than those in MG(P<0.05). The contents of TGF-β₁ and ET-1 in BG were declined but the activity of NO was increased in serum level than that in MG(P<0.05), also the contents of TGF-β₁ and ET-1 in BG were declined but the activity of NO was increased in renal tissue than that in MG(P<0.05, P<0.01). CONCLUSION The changes of TGF-β₁, ET-1 and NO may be significant correlated with renal interstitial in obstructive nephropathy. Also, the renal interstitial in obstructive nephropathy may be alleviated by breviscapine through down-regulating the TGF-β₁ in serum level and renal tissue, and protecting the vascular active matter, thus inhibitting the procedure of renal interstitial fibrosis.