Abstract: Pain is one of the most common clinical health issues, and its management has evolved into a multidimensional comprehensive intervention encompassing physiological, psychological, and social factors. As the core approach to pain management, pharmacotherapy currently faces the practical dilemma of coexisting non-standardized practices, underutilization, and overuse. This article systematically reviewed the major categories of drugs used in pain treatment, with a focus on analyzing their mechanisms of action, key clinical application points, and safety considerations. It also payed attention to medication safety in special populations such as the elderly. On this basis, this article had launched a “Pain Pharmacy” column, focusing on three major modules: "pharmaceutical care-smart pharmacy and innovative services""mechanistic research-precision medication and cutting edge technologies", and "medication evaluation-clinical evaluation and pharmacovigilance", systematically presenting the research advances in the field of pain pharmacy. This column aims to provide references for promoting the standardization, precision, and individualization of pain treatment, thereby contributing to the enhancement of China's comprehensive pain management capabilities.