Abstract: Andrographolide, as the main diterpenoid active component in Andrographis paniculata, although it has neuroprotective effects, its water solubility and bioavailability are poor, which limits its therapeutic efficacy. Nanotechnology can help drugs cross the blood-brain barrier, improve bioavailability and targeting, and bring new ideas for the treatment of neurological diseases. This article aims to elaborate on the characteristics of common nanocarriers such as polymer nanoparticles, lipid nanoparticles, vesicular lipid carriers, and metal nanoparticles, review the application of andrographolide combined with nanocarriers in the field of neuroprotection, including brain tumors, epilepsy, Alzheimer’s disease, and stroke, and explore the fate of nanodrugs after crossing the blood-brain barrier, in order to provide a reference basis for the research of andrographolide in central nervous system diseases.