Abstract: Tumor vaccines have been developed for many years, but there has been no significant breakthrough due to insufficient understanding of tumor antigens. Tumors are different from viruses and bacteria, and their antigenicity comes from neoantigens formed by somatic mutations. These antigens are not restricted by central immune tolerance and have the ability to activate immune responses. However, somatic mutations are personalized, and tumors from different patients have different neoantigens. It is necessary to analyze each patient, and customize a vaccine for each patient. It was not until the cost of gene sequencing decreased and artificial intelligence analysis technology was established that the analysis and identification technology for neoantigens was able to develop. The new understanding of the underlying logic of tumor vaccines has rapidly driven the development of tumor vaccines worldwide.