Abstract: Dendrobium officinale is a valuable traditional Chinese medicine(TCM), fresh D. officinale have a long history of application. Through the investigation of both domestic and overseas literatures and related quality standards, the application, chemical composition and biological activities of fresh D. officinale is systematic summarized in this paper. Fresh D. officinale is clinically used for the treatment of chronic stomach diseases, high fever emergencies and adjuvant treatment of malignant tumors. The chemical composition of Fresh D. officinale mainly including polysaccharides, alkaloids, amino acids, flavonoids, anthocyanins and nucleotides. It has antioxidant, antitumor and immunoregulation pharmacological activity. However, there are some deficiencies in the current research, such as single form of fresh D. officinale products, lack of overall quality standards, and lack of in-depth research on its pharmacological efficacy and material basis. At the same time, suggestions are proposed for the follow-up research of fresh D. officinale.