Abstract: Research on the structure of pharmaceutical preparations can help to evaluate the quality of pharmaceutical preparations more comprehensively, as well as the design and innovation of new pharmaceutical preparations. High-resolution three-dimensional X-ray microscopy imaging technology can display the three-dimensional structure information of solid preparations such as powders, granules, tablets, capsules, etc. in situ and non-destructively at the spatial resolution of micrometers or even nanometers, which provides new methods for the innovation and quality control of new preparations. Based on the introduction of the principle and development of high-resolution 3D X-ray microscopy imaging technology and the basic process of studying the structure of pharmaceutical preparations, this article reviewed its domestic and foreign progress in the study of pharmaceutical preparations structure, and provided references for related research.