Abstract: The incidence of ulcerative colitis has been increasing recently but its pathogenesis is still unclear, and there are none well-acknowledged biomarkers in the clinical practice. Proteomics has great advantages when serving as tools for biomarker discoveries. Many potential biomarkers such as CPS1, TRAP1, MMP10, CXCL9, CCL11, S100A8/9, TRANCE and OSM were identified. These biomarkers are expected to be promoted in the clinic after more validation and can be applied in situations such as non-invasive diagnosis and disease course prediction by different biomarkers, which is a new trend for future clinical development. This review provides an overview of the biomarkers found in recent years using this technique in the pathogenesis of ulcerative colitis, differentiation from Crohn’s disease, and monitoring of ulcerative colitis disease progression.