Abstract: Aplastic anaemia(AA) is a bone marrow hematopoietic failure syndrome that developed from various pathogenic factors. Due to many pathogenic factors and complex mechanism of action, there is no consensus on the pathogenesis of AA. This article combines the research progress reported at home and abroad in recent years on the pathogenesis of AA, and comprehensively reviews the latest molecular biological mechanisms of the pathogenesis of AA in terms of lack of hematopoietic stem/progenitor cells, abnormal bone marrow microenvironment, immune dysfunction, and genetic factors. It hopes to provide new ideas for clinical prevention, diagnosis and treatment of AA.