Abstract: Transient receptor potential A1(TRPA1) channel is a non-selective cation channel expressed at the end of the sensory nerve. It has good permeability to Ca²⁺ and is widely distributed in nerve and non-nerve cells. TRPA1 ion channel can be activated by endogenous inflammatory mediators (such as bradykinin, trypsin, etc.) and exogenous harmful stimuli (such as cold, heat, irritant compounds, etc.) to participate in the production of acute and chronic pain and inflammation. Its function is regulated by many factors, acts as a sensor for temperature, chemical and mechanical stimulation, mediates biological effects such as inflammation and pain stimulation, and plays an important role in chemical nociceptive reactions. This makes TRPA1 a major target for the treatment of diseases related to anti-inflammation and analgesia. The purpose of this article is to review the molecular structure and biological characteristics of TRPA1 ion channel and its relationship with related diseases in recent years, in order to provide a basic basis for the screening and mechanism of TRPA1 receptor target drugs.