Abstract: Nigella is an annual plant of Ranunculaceae, which is an important component of many folk medicines and has important medicinal value. In this paper, the extraction technology of oil and volatile oil, flavonoids, saponins, alkaloids, biopolysaccharides and their pharmacological effects such as anti-inflammation, anti-bacterial, anti-cancer, anti-drug toxins and anti-neurological diseases are reviewed. It is hoped to provide a theoretical reference for the further research, development and utilization of Nigella.