Abstract: OBJECTIVE To explore and analyze the effects of mouse nerve growth factor on serum nerve injury markers and neuroethology in premature infants with brain injury. METHODS One hundred and sixty premature infants children patients with brain injury from February 2016 to February 2018 in Henan Provincial People's Hospital were selected and randomly divided into control group and observation group, with 80 cases in each group. Control group was given routine treatment and daily intravenous infusion of cytidine diphosphate choline injection, and observation group was supplemented with intramuscular injection of mouse nerve growth factor on the basis of control group. The efficacy and neurobehavior were evaluated. Serum neuron-specific enolase(NSE), glial fibrillary acidic protein(GFAP), myelin basic protein(MBP), S100 calcium-binding protein β(S-100β) and Toll-like receptor-4(TLR-4) were measured before and after treatment, and the occurrence of adverse reactions during treatment was observed. RESULTS The improvement rate of observation group was 93.75%, which was significantly higher than that of control group(72.50%)(χ²=16.10, P<0.05). The neonatal behavioral neurological assessment in the two groups were significantly increased after treatment(P<0.05), it were more significant in observation group compared with control group(P<0.05). The levels of of NSE, GFAP, MBP, S-100β and TLR-4 after treatment were significantly decreased compared with those before treatment(P<0.05), and it were more significant in observation group compared with control group(P<0.05). There was no significant difference in the occurrence of adverse reactions between control group and observation group. CONCLUSION Mouse nerve growth factor therapy can significantly improve the clinical efficacy of premature infants with brain injury, enhance various serological indicators, and improve neurobehavior and it will not increase adverse reactions. Moreover, it is safe in the clinical practice.