Abstract: OBJECTIVE To compare the efficacy and economics of recombinant human thrombopoietin(rhTPO) and interleukin-11(IL-11) in the treatment of thrombocytopenia in cancer patients. To provide an economic basis for decision makers in the selection and application of drugs. METHODS To collect cases of thrombocytopenia due to chemotherapy from 2017.5.28 to 2018.2.28 in the First Affiliated Hospital of Fujian Medical University. The patients were divided into two groups according to the difference between injections of rhTPO and IL-11. The 1︰1 matching method was applied to the propensity value matching method to compare the curative effect, boths groups were matched 84 cases. According to the base-line level of the thrombocytopenia, patients were further divided into Ⅰ/Ⅱ and Ⅲ/Ⅴ degree group. The efficiency rates and overall efficiency rates were evaluated as major treatment outcomes. Minimum-cost analysis and the cost-effectiveness analysis were used to evaluated the economic significance of two groups. RESULTS After comparison, it was found that the efficiency rates, overall efficiency rates and platelet recovery rate had no difference in Ⅰ/Ⅱ groups treated with rhTPO and IL-11. The result of cost-minimization analysis showed that IL-11 had a lower expenditure. For Ⅲ/Ⅳ groups, the efficiency rates of rhTPO were higher than those of IL-11, and there was no difference in overall efficiency rates and platelet recovery rates. The result of cost-effectiveness analysis showed that the incremental cost effectiveness ratio was 132.24 yuan per effective rate, which was lower than willing-to-pay(average cost of two drugs was 2 439.43 yuan). It was suggested that the cost-effectiveness of rhTPO was better. CONCLUSION In the treatment of Ⅰ/Ⅱ thrombocytopenia, the efficacy of IL-11 is comparable to that of rhTPO, which is more economical. For Ⅲ/Ⅳ thrombocytopenia patients, the cost-effectiveness of rhTPO is better.