Abstract: Breast cancer is the most prevalent malignant tumor among women worldside. The current treatment methods, such as surgery, chemotherapy and radiation therapy, are still limited by insufficient efficacy, severe adverse reactions, and drug resistance. As an innovative therapeutic strategy, nanoparticle-mediated targeted drug delivery systems demonstrate significant advantages such as enhanced delivery efficiency, precise targeting capability, and controlled release mechanisms, thereby providing a new opportunity for improving breast cancer treatment. This review systematically summarizes recent advances and emerging trends in nanoparticle-mediated targeted drug delivery systems for breast cancer therapy, aiming to provide a theoretical basis and reference for further development and clinical translation of this technology.