Research Progress on Bone Morphogenetic Protein in Hypertension: Mechanisms, Clinical Implications, and Therapeutic Potential

Bone morphogenetic protein(BMP), a key member of the transforming growth factor-β(TGF-β) superfamily, plays a critical role in vascular development, remodeling, and functional regulation. Accumulating evidence in recent years highlights the complex and pivotal role of the BMP signaling pathway in maintaining cardiovascular homeostasis. Dysregulation of BMP signaling is closely associated with the pathogenesis of hypertension, particularly pulmonary arterial hypertension(PAH). BMP signaling is recognized as a critical driver in the pathogenesis of PAH and other vascular remodeling-associated hypertensive disorders, primarily manifested by reduced expression of BMP receptor type 2, suppression of downstream signaling cascades, and intricate crosstalk with interacting pathways including Wnt and TGF-β signaling. This review summarizes the molecular mechanisms, clinical biomarker value, animal model studies, and BMP signaling-based therapies of BMP in hypertension, offering theoretical support and research perspectives for its diagnosis and treatment.